Saturday, January 22, 2011

2011 - What scientific concept would improve everybody's cognitive toolkit?

Edge World Question Center 2011:
What scientific concept would improve everybody's cognitive toolkit?
(Condensed from the original version)

164+ Contributors


Answers beyond Edge by: Michael Tobis
Answers at Edge by: Daniel Kahneman, Richard Dawkins, V.S. Ramachandran, Richard Thaler, Brian Eno, J. Craig Venter, Martin Rees, Mahzarin Banaji, Stefano Boeri, Nigel Goldenfeld, Dimitar Sasselov, Gary Marcus, Eric Weinstein, Neri Oxman, David Pizarro, Andrew Revkin, Stuart Firestein, Beatrice Golomb, Diane Halpern, Kevin Hand, Barry Smith, Kevin Hand, Garrett Lisi, David Dalrymple, Xeni Jardin, Seth Lloyd, Brian Knutson, Carl Page, Victoria Stodden, David Rowan, Hazel Rose Markus & Alana Conner, Fiery Cushman, David Eagleman, Joan Chiao, Max Tegmark, Tecumseh Fitch, Joshua Greene, Stephon Alexander, Gregory Cochran, Tor Norretranders , Laurence Smith, Carl Zimmer, Roger Highfield, Marcelo Gleiser, Richard Saul Wurman, Anthony Aguirre, Sam Harris, P.Z. Myers, Sue Blackmore, Bart Kosko, David Buss, John Tooby, Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran, Paul Bloom, Evgeny Morozov, Mark Pagel, Kathryn Schulz, Ernst Pöppel, Tania Lombrozo, Paul Saffo, Jay Rosen, Timothy Taylor, Jonah Lehrer, Marco Iacoboni, Dave Winer, George Church, Kai Krause, Gloria Origgi, Tom Standage, Vinod Khosla, Dan Sperber, Geoffrey Miller, Satyajit Das, Alun Anderson, Eric Topol, Amanda Gefter, Scott D. Sampson, John McWhorter, Jon Kleinberg, Christine Finn, Nick Bostrom, Robert Sapolsky, Adam Alter, Ross Anderson, Paul Kedrosky, Mark Henderson, Thomas A. Bass, Gerald Smallberg, James Croak, Greg Paul, Susan Fiske, Marti Hearst, Keith Devlin, Gerd Gigerenzer, Matt Ridley, Andrian Kreye, Don Tapscott, David Gelernter, Linda Stone, Matthew Ritchie, Joel Gold, Helen Fisher, Giulio Boccaletti, Daniel Goleman, Donald Hoffman, Richard Foreman, Lee Smolin, Thomas Metzinger, Lawrence Krauss, William Calvin, Nicholas Christakis, Alison Gopnik, Kevin Kelly, Clay Shirky, Andy Clark, Neil Gershenfeld, Jonathan Haidt, Marcel Kinsbourne, Douglas Rushkoff, Lisa Randall, Frank Wilczek, Jaron Lanier, Jennifer Jacquet, Daniel Dennett, Stephen M. Kosslyn, Carlo Rovelli, Juan Enriquez, Terrence Sejnowski, Irene Pepperberg, Michael Shermer, Samuel Arbesman, Douglas Kenrick, James O'Donnell, David G. Myers, Rob Kurzban, Richard Nisbett, Samuel Barondes, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Nicholas Carr, Emanuel Derman, Aubrey De Grey, Nassim Taleb, Rebecca Goldstein, Clifford Pickover, Charles Seife, Rudy Rucker, Sean Carroll, Gino Segre, Jason Zweig, Dylan Evans, Steven Pinker, Martin Seligman, Gerald Holton, Robert Provine, Roger Schank, George Dyson, Milford Wolpoff, George Lakoff, Nicholas Humphrey, Christian Keysers, Haim Harari, W. Daniel Hillis, John Allen Paulos, Bruce Hood, Howard Gardner




  1. Michael Tobis - Coherence
  2. Howard Gardner - "How Would You Disprove Your Viewpoint?!"
  3. BRUCE HOOD - Haecceity
  4. JOHN ALLEN PAULOS - A Probability Distribution
  5. W. DANIEL HILLIS - Possibility Spaces: Thinking Beyond Cause and Effect
  6. Haim Harari - The Edge of the Circle
  7. CHRISTIAN KEYSERS - The Mirror Fallacy
  8. NICHOLAS HUMPHREY - The "Multiverse"
  9. GEORGE LAKOFF - Conceptual Metaphor
  10. MILFORD H. WOLPOFF - GIGO
  11. GEORGE DYSON - Analog Computing
  12. ROGER SCHANK - Experimentation
  13. ROBERT R. PROVINE - TANSTAAFL
  14. GERALD HOLTON - Skeptical Empiricism
  15. MARTIN SELIGMAN - PERMA
  16. STEVEN PINKER - Positive-Sum Games
  17. DYLAN EVANS - The Law of Comparative Advantage
  18. JASON ZWEIG - Structured Serendipity
  19. GINO SEGRE - Gedankenexperiment
  20. SEAN CARROLL - The Pointless Universe
  21. RUDY RUCKER - The World is Unpredictable
  22. CHARLES SEIFE - Randomness
  23. CLIFFORD PICKOVER - Kaleidoscopic Discovery Engine
  24. REBECCA NEWBERGER GOLDSTEIN - Inference To The Best Explanation
  25. Nassim Taleb - Antifragility — or— The Property Of Disorder-Loving Systems
  26. AUBREY DE GREY - A Sense Of Proportion About Fear Of The Unknown
  27. EMANUEL DERMAN - Pragmamorphism
  28. Nicholas Carr - Cognitive Load
  29. HANS ULRICH OBRIST - To Curate
  30. SAMUEL BARONDES - Each Of Us Is Ordinary, And Yet One Of A Kind
  31. RICHARD NISBETT - "Graceful" SHA's
  32. ROB KURZBAN - Externalities
  33. DAVID G. MYERS - Self-Serving Bias
  34. JAMES O'DONNELL - Everything Is In Motion
  35. DOUGLAS T. KENRICK - Subselves and the Modular Mind
  36. SAMUEL ARBESMAN - The Copernican Principle
  37. MICHAEL SHERMER - Think Bottom Up, Not Top Down
  38. IRENE PEPPERBERG - Fixed-Action Patterns: Using The Study Of Animal Instinct As A Metaphor For Human Behavior
  39. TERRENCE SEJNOWSKI - Powers of 10
  40. JUAN ENRIQUEZ - Life Code
  41. CARLO ROVELLI - The Uselessness of Certainty
  42. STEPHEN M. KOSSLYN - Constraint Satisfaction
  43. Daniel Dennett - Cycles
  44. JENNIFER JACQUET - Keystone Consumer
  45. JARON LANIER - Cumulative Error
  46. FRANK WILCZEK - Hidden Layers
  47. LISA RANDALL - "Science"
  48. DOUGLAS RUSHKOFF - Technologies Have Biases
  49. MARCEL KINSBOURNE - The Expanding In-Group
  50. JONATHAN HAIDT - Contingent Superorganism
  51. NEIL GERSHENFELD - Truth is a Model
  52. ANDY CLARK - Predictive Coding
  53. CLAY SHIRKY - Pareto Principle
  54. KEVIN KELLY - The Virtues of Negative Results
  55. ALISON GOPNIK - The Rational Unconscious
  56. NICHOLAS A. CHRISTAKIS - Holism
  57. WILLIAM CALVIN - Find That Frame
  58. LAWRENCE KRAUSS - Uncertainty
  59. THOMAS METZINGER - Phenomenally Transparent Self-Model
  60. LEE SMOLIN - Thinking In Time Versus Thinking Outside Of Time
  61. RICHARD FOREMAN - Negative Capability Is A Profound Therapy
  62. DONALD HOFFMAN - Sensory Desktop
  63. DANIEL GOLEMAN - Anthropocene Thinking
  64. GIULIO BOCCALETTI - Scale Analysis
  65. HELEN FISHER - Temperament Dimensions
  66. JOEL GOLD, M.D. - ARISE
  67. MATTHEW RITCHIE - Systemic Equilibrium
  68. LINDA STONE - Suspending Disbelief
  69. DAVID GELERNTER - Recursive Structure
  70. DON TAPSCOTT - Designing Your Mind
  71. ANDRIAN KREYE - Free Jazz
  72. MATT RIDLEY - Collective intelligence
  73. GERD GIGERENZER - Risk Literacy
  74. KEITH DEVLIN - Base rate
  75. MARTI HEARST - Findex
  76. SUSAN FISKE - An Assertion Is Often An Empirical Question, Settled By Collecting Evidence
  77. GREGORY PAUL - Scientists Should Be Scientists
  78. JAMES CROAK - Bricoleur
  79. GERALD SMALLBERG, MD - Bias Is The Nose For The Story
  80. THOMAS A. BASS - Open Systems
  81. MARK HENDERSON - Science's Methods Aren't Just For Science
  82. PAUL KEDROSKY - Shifting Baseline Syndrome
  83. ROSS ANDERSON - Science Versus Theatre
  84. ADAM ALTER - The "Cognitive Iceberg:" Humans Are Blind To Many Of The Processes That Shape Their Mental Lives
  85. NICK BOSTROM - Game of Life — And Looking For Generators
  86. ROBERT SAPOLSKY - The Lure Of A Good Story
  87. CHRISTINE FINN - Absence and Evidence
  88. JON KLEINBERG - E Pluribus Unum
  89. JOHN MCWHORTER - Path Dependence
  90. SCOTT D. SAMPSON - Interbeing
  91. AMANDA GEFTER - Duality
  92. ERIC TOPOL - Hunting for Root Cause: The Human "Black Box"
  93. ALUN ANDERSON - Homo Dilatus
  94. SATYAJIT DAS - Parallel Errors
  95. GEOFFREY MILLER - Personality traits are continuous with mental illnesses
  96. DAN SPERBER - Cultural Attractors
  97. VINOD KHOSLA - The Black Swan Technology
  98. TOM STANDAGE - You can show something is definitely dangerous, but not definitely safe
  99. GLORIA ORIGGI - Kakonomics, or the strange preference for Low-quality outcomes
  100. Kai Krause - Einstein's Blade in Ockham's Razor
  101. George Church - Non-Inherent Inheritance
  102. DAVE WINER - While We Are Social Creatures, It's Often Best Not To Admit It
  103. MARCO IACOBONI - Entanglement
  104. JONAH LEHRER - Control Your Spotlight
  105. TIMOTHY TAYLOR - Technology Came Before Humanity And, Evolutionarily, Paved The Way For It
  106. JAY ROSEN - Wicked Problems
  107. PAUL SAFFO - Time Span of Discretion
  108. TANIA LOMBROZO - Defeasibility
  109. ERNST PÖPPEL - A Cognitive Toolkit Full Of Garbage
  110. KATHRYN SCHULZ - The Pessimistic Meta-Induction from the History of Science
  111. MARK PAGEL - Knowledge
  112. EVGENY MOROZOV - Einstellung Effect
  113. PAUL BLOOM - Reason
  114. EDUARDO SALCEDO-ALBARÁN - Homo Sensus-Sapiens: The animal that feels and rationalizes
  115. JOHN TOOBY - Nexus causality, moral warfare and misattribution arbitrage.
  116. David Buss - Sexual Selection
  117. BART KOSKO - Q. E. D. Moments
  118. SUE BLACKMORE - Correlation is not a cause
  119. P.Z. MYERS - The Mediocrity Principle
  120. SAM HARRIS - We are Lost in Thought
  121. ANTHONY AGUIRRE - The Paradox
  122. RICHARD SAUL WURMAN - Objects of Understanding and Communication
  123. MARCELO GLEISER - We Are Unique
  124. ROGER HIGHFIELD - The Snuggle For Existence
  125. CARL ZIMMER - Life As A Side Effect
  126. LAURENCE C. SMITH - Innovation
  127. TOR NØRRETRANDERS - Depth
  128. GREGORY COCHRAN - The Veeck Effect
  129. STEPHON H. ALEXANDER - Duality and World Piece
  130. Joshua Greene - Supervenience!
  131. W. TECUMSEH FITCH - An Instinct to Learn
  132. Max Tegmark - Scientific Concept
  133. JOAN CHIAO - Diversity is Universal
  134. David Eagleman - The Umwelt
  135. FIERY CUSHMAN - Confabulation
  136. ALANA CONNER - The Culture Cycle
  137. DAVID ROWAN - Personal data mining
  138. Victoria Stodden - Phase Transitions And "Scale Transitions:" Conceptualizing Unexpected Changes Due To Scale
  139. CARL PAGE - The Power of 10
  140. BRIAN KNUTSON - Replicability
  141. SETH LLOYD - Living is fatal
  142. XENI JARDIN - Ambient Memory And The Myth Of Neutral Observation
  143. DAVID DALRYMPLE - Imformation Flow
  144. TIMO HANNAY - The Controlled Experiment
  145. GARRETT LISI - Uncalculated Risk
  146. Kevin Hand - The Gibbs Landscape
  147. BARRY C. SMITH - The Senses and the Multi-Sensory
  148. DIANE F. HALPERN - A Statistically Significant Difference in Understanding the Scientific Process
  149. Beatrice Golomb - The Dece(i)bo Effect
  150. Stuart Firestein - The Name Game
  151. ANDREW REVKIN - Anthropophilia
  152. DAVID PIZARRO - Everyday Apophenia
  153. NERI OXMAN - It Ain't Necessarily So
  154. ERIC WEINSTEIN - Kayfabe
  155. Gary Marcus - Cognitive Humility
  156. Dimitar Sasselov - The Other
  157. NIGEL GOLDENFELD - Because
  158. Stefano Boeri - Proxemic of Urban Sexuality
  159. MAHZARIN R. BANAJI - A Solution for Collapsed Thinking: Signal Detection Theory
  160. MARTIN REES - "Deep Time" And The Far Future
  161. J. CRAIG VENTER - We Are Not Alone In The Universe
  162. BRIAN ENO - Ecology
  163. RICHARD THALER - Aether
  164. V.S. RAMACHANDRAN - Chunks With "Handles"
  165. RICHARD DAWKINS - The Double-Blind Control Experiment
  166. DANIEL KAHNEMAN - Focusing Illusion: "Nothing In Life Is As Important As You Think It Is, While You Are Thinking About It"